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ATTORNEY [ licensed to practice in KOREA, U.S.A., ILLINOIS ] LEE, JAE WOOK
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[Title]
United States - Information on residency for tax purposes
Start →

Section I – Criteria for Individuals to be considered a tax resident
As a general matter, under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (Code), all U.S. citizens and U.S. residents
are treated as U.S. tax residents.
In order for a non-U.S. citizen (alien individual) to be treated as a resident alien, he or she must satisfy
either the green card test or the substantial presence test. The U.S. residence tests are generally
applied on an annual calendar year basis.
Green Card Test – An alien individual will meet the green card test if the individual is a lawful
permanent resident (LPR) of the United States, under U.S. immigration law, at any time during the
calendar year. An individual is considered a LPR if such individual has been given the privilege by the
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) (or its predecessor organization) of residing
permanently in the United States as an immigrant. An individual will generally have this status if USCIS
has issued an alien registration card, also known as a green card to the individual. Unless the special
rule for dual residents discussed below applies, an individual will continue to be treated as a U.S.
resident under this test unless his or her LPR status is taken away by USCIS or is administratively or
judicially determined to have been abandoned. The mere expiration of the actual green card
document is not sufficient to terminate residence for tax purposes.
Substantial Presence Test – An alien individual will meet the substantial presence test if the individual is
physically present in the United States for at least:
1. 31 days during the current calendar year; and
2. 183 days during the 3-year period that includes the current calendar year, and the 2 calendar
years immediately preceding counting:
a. All days of physical presence in the United States during the current calendar year, and
b. 1/3 of the days the individual was present in 1st preceding year; and
c. 1/6 of the days the individual was present in 2nd preceding year.
Generally, an individual is treated as present in the United States on any day he or she is physically
present in the country at any time during the day. However, there are exceptions where certain days of
physical presence may not count for purposes of the test. For information on the specific exceptions, see
IRS Publication 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens (http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p519.pdf).
First-Year Choice Election – An alien individual who is classified as a nonresident of the United States
for the entire calendar year immediately preceding his or her first calendar year as a U.S. resident under
the substantial presence test may nevertheless be able to elect to be treated as a U.S. resident for part of
the immediately preceding calendar year by making a special election. For information on the specific
requirements of the First-Year Choice election, see IRS Publication 519.
Dual residents – Some green card holders and other resident aliens may also be residents of a foreign
jurisdiction with which the United States has an income tax treaty. If such dual residents would be
residents of the other country under a tie-breaker rule in the treaty, they may compute their U.S. tax
liability for all or part of a tax year as if they were nonresident aliens provided they notify the U.S. tax
authority that this is what they are doing. If they fail to notify the U.S. tax authority, they will continue to
be treated as U.S. residents for purposes of computing their U.S. tax liability.
U.S. citizens are not automatically treaty residents under a number of U.S. tax treaties. The treaties
provide additional requirements for those individuals to claim benefits as U.S. citizens from another
country. U.S. citizens and other U.S. resident aliens may file IRS Form 8802, Application for United
States Residency Certification, and Instructions (http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i8802.pdf), to obtain a
letter from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) certifying that the applicant is a U.S. resident. The
certification of residence is used almost exclusively by U.S. taxpayers to demonstrate to another
jurisdiction that they are eligible to obtain tax treaty benefits, and therefore, takes into account specific
treaty rules that may affect whether a person is resident of the United States for purposes of that treaty.
Relevant Tax Provisions include the following:
Code section 7701(b)
Treas. Reg. ס 301.7701(b)-1(b) & (c); 301.7701(b)-3; 301.7701(b)-4(c)(3); 301.7701(b)-7.
Section II – Criteria for Entities to be considered a tax resident
Corporations – Generally a corporation is treated as a domestic corporation if it is created or organized
under the laws of the United States, any State, or the District of Columbia. No other criteria related to
place of management will cause a corporation to be domestic. There are, however, specific statutory
provisions that treat certain foreign corporations as domestic. Some of these statutory provisions apply
for all purposes of the Code, such as sections 269B, 953(d), 1504(d), and 7874 (some are elective and
some involuntary).
Domestic corporations are U.S. tax residents, regardless of whether they are also residents of a foreign
jurisdiction. If a corporation is a dual resident of the United States and a treaty jurisdiction, a tax treaty
may contain a so-called tie-breaker rule to determine the sole jurisdiction of the corporation for treaty
purposes. The determination of its treaty residence will not affect its status as a domestic corporation.
Check-the-box regulations – The check-the-box regulations list certain domestic business entities that are
considered per se corporations (per se corporations are always treated as corporations for U.S.
federal tax purposes and cannot elect to be treated otherwise). Treas. Reg. 301.7701-2(b). They include
domestic entities formed under a Federal or State statute that refers to the entity as incorporated or as a
corporation, and insurance companies. It also includes any entity that is chartered in both the United
States and a foreign jurisdiction, if the foreign chartered entity is on the list of foreign entities that are
per se corporations or on the list of domestic entities that are per se corporations. Domestic business
entities not on the list of per se corporations in Treas. Reg. 301.7701-2(b), such as limited liability
companies, default into partnership status if they have two or more owners and into disregarded entity
status if they have one owner. Both partnerships and disregarded entities are treated as fiscally
transparent entities, as discussed further below. Within some limits, these business entities are eligible to
elect to change their classification from corporate to fiscally transparent status (and vice versa) under
Treas. Reg. 301.7701-3(c). This election is colloquially referred to as checking the box. For further
information on taxation of limited liability companies, see IRS Publication 3402
(http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p3402.pdf). If an entity elects into or out of fiscally transparent status,
certain transactions are deemed to occur with respect to the entity and / or its owners that are discussed
in detail in Treas. Reg. 301.7701-3.
Entities that are not on the list of per se corporations but that are also treated as corporations include,
but are not limited to, a publicly traded partnership described in section 7704 of the Code (subject to
certain exceptions), a charitable or other tax exempt organization (formed as a company or trust) under
section 501(c) of the Code, a regulated investment company (RIC) as defined in section 851 of the Code,
a real estate investment trust (formed as a corporation, trust or association) (REIT) as defined in section
856 of the Code, and a real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC) as defined in section 860D of
the Code.
Partnerships – Generally a partnership is treated as a domestic partnership if it is created or organized
under the laws of the United States, any State, or the District of Columbia. With the exception of publicly
traded partnerships, an entity classified as a partnership is fiscally transparent. Thus, the residence of a
partnership has no bearing on whether its income is subject to U.S. tax; rather, tax is imposed on each
partner of a partnership in accordance with each partners distributive share of partnership income, and
each partners status as a nonresident or resident of the United States (e.g., as nonresident alien or U.S.
citizen, as a foreign corporation or domestic corporation). Similarly, because disregarded entities are
also fiscally transparent, the residence of the disregarded entity has no bearing on whether its income is
subject to U.S. federal tax; rather, tax is imposed on the disregarded entitys sole owner in the state in
which the owner is resident.
Trusts – Sections 7701(a)(30)(E) and 7701 (a)(31) of the Code and regulations thereunder collectively
define whether a trust is domestic by reference to whether a court within the United States is able to
exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust, and whether one or more U.S. persons
have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.
A trust may be either fiscally transparent for U.S. tax purposes or taxable as an entity in its own right,
depending primarily on the terms of the trust document. A grantor trust (described in sections 671 –
679 of the Code) is not a taxable entity, and thus not a tax resident. Rather it is treated as owned by the
grantor (generally a person who has contributed property to the trust) if the grantor has retained certain
statutory powers over the trust, or holds one or more specified powers to control the trust or portion of
the trust. See sections 671-678 of the Code. Foreign trusts with U.S. grantors are fiscally transparent if
the trust may benefit any U.S. person. See section 679 of the Code. In the case of a grantor trust, the
owner takes into account all items of income, deductions, and credits of the trust as if they were his own,
and the owners residence status determines whether the trusts income will be taxed as the income of a
resident in the United States.
So-called simple trusts are also not tax residents. In general, a trust that is required to distribute all of
its income currently, and that does not provide for amounts to be paid, set aside, or used for charitable
purposes is considered a simple trust. See sections 651-652 of the Code.
A trust that can accumulate income, and is not required by the terms of the trust document or other
relevant documents, to distribute all of its net income to beneficiaries is referred to as a complex or
discretionary trust. See sections 661-662 of the Code. A complex trust generally is considered a
taxable entity, and is a tax resident if the trust is a domestic trust. It files a tax return reporting its
worldwide income, but may deduct amounts earned in that year (limited to distributable net income or
DNI) to the extent such amounts are distributed to trust beneficiaries in that year.
In the case of both simple and complex trusts, distributions of income to beneficiaries that are not taxed
in the trust are income of the beneficiaries and are taxed in accordance with their residency and
citizenship. Section 61(a)(15) of the Code.
Pension trusts, in particular section 401(a) of the Code qualified pension trusts, which must be domestic,
are considered to be tax residents, although generally exempt from tax on their gross income if all
relevant requirements of the Code are met.
Estates – A domestic estate is a tax resident, liable to tax on its worldwide income in the same manner as
a trust, while it is in existence. Section 641 of the Code. Generally that period is limited in time, since the
executor of a decedents estate must file a tax return within a prescribed time following the death of the
decedent, which effectively terminates the existence of an estate as a separate taxable entity. There is no
simple statutory definition of the term foreign estate, and a variety of factors have to be taken into
account in determining whether an estate should be treated as foreign for this purpose. These include,
among others, the situs of the estate assets, the location of the estates domiciliary administration, and
the nationality and residence of the domiciliary personal representative. Neither the nationality of the
decedent nor that of the estates beneficiaries is dispositive.
See also IRS Form 8802, Application for United States Residency Certification, and Instructions
(http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8802.pdf)). This application form is used to obtain a letter from the U.S.
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) certifying that the applicant is itself a U.S. resident, or if the applicant is
fiscally transparent, that one or more of its owners is a U.S. resident. The certification of residence is
used almost exclusively by U.S. taxpayers to demonstrate to another jurisdiction that they are eligible to
obtain tax treaty benefits, and therefore, takes into account specific treaty rules that may affect whether a
person is resident of the United States for purposes of that treaty.
Relevant Tax Provisions include the following:
Code ס 7701 (a)(1)-(5), (30) and (31). Code ס 269B, 953(d), 1504(d), and 7874
Treas. Reg. ס 301.7701-1 through -5, 301.7701-7
Section III – Entity types that are as a rule not considered tax residents
Partnerships (other than publicly traded partnerships), subchapter S corporations, grantor trusts, simple
trusts, and common trust funds under section 584 of the Code are fiscally transparent entities for
purposes of U.S. federal tax law. In general, a business entity that is domestic and not a per se
corporation will default into either disregarded entity status (if one owner) or partnership (if more than
one owner) unless it elects to be treated as a corporation. If it makes the election to be a corporation, it
will be liable to tax as a resident for treaty purposes. A foreign business entity that is not a per se
corporation (regulations list foreign per se corporations) may also default or elect to be treated as a
disregarded entity or partnership. Disregarded entities and partnerships are fiscally transparent for U.S.
tax purposes. For these purposes, fiscal transparency means that no income tax is imposed on or
collected from the entity, and the owner or owners of the entity separately take(s) into account on a
current basis their share of such entitys income, whether or not distributed, and the character and
source of the income to the owner are determined as if the income was realized directly by the owner or
owners. As discussed above, a fiscally transparent or flow-through entity may be a U.S. tax resident.
An entity that is fiscally transparent for U.S. tax purposes should not be denied treaty benefits on income
derived from a foreign country so long as the person who takes into account the income derived through
the fiscally transparent entity is a U.S. tax resident.
See also IRS Form 8802, Application for United States Residency Certification, and the Instructions
(http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i8802.pdf), as discussed in Section II, above.
Section IV – Contact point for further information
Deputy Commissioner (International)
Large Business and International Division
Internal Revenue Service
1111 Constitution Avenue, NW
Routing M4-365
Washington, DC 20224
Attn: TAIT (Treaty Assistance and Interpretation Team)
← End



[Title]
United States - Information on residency for tax purposes




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